1.SOC (State of Charge): Percentage of remaining battery capacity displayed on dashboards, used by BMS to control safe charging and discharging.
2.SOH (State of Health): Indicator of battery aging. New batteries hit 100%; packs with SOH below 80% are retired from passenger cars for secondary energy storage use.
3.SOE (State of Energy): Remain usable energy measured in kWh. More accurate than SOC for calculating real driving range, especially in cold weather.
4.DOD (Depth of Discharge): Ratio of consumed capacity in a single cycle. Shallow discharge (DOD<60%) greatly extends battery service life.